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European Journal of International Relations
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Arrested Development: The Fight to End Commercial Whaling as a Case of Failed Norm Change

Jennifer L. Bailey

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

The International Whaling Commission's moratorium on commercial whaling took effect in 1986, seemingly marking the adoption of a new norm, that commercial whaling was no longer acceptable. But this norm has failed to become institutionalized. This article uses the norm life-cycle approach as developed by Finnemore and Sikkink (1998) to account for this failure. The effort ran aground because the norm proved unexpectedly ambiguous, a supporting epistemic community failed to emerge, the norm conflicted with other powerful norms, the prestige of the key anti-whaling states declined relative that of whaling states, and NGO tactics failed to win over the publics in key whaling states and instead created a counter-boomerang effect. The attempt may have resulted in the emergence of an alternative norm, but actors must act now to institutionalize it.

Key Words: environmental NGOs • international norm change • International Whaling Commission • norm life-cycle • whaling

European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 2, 289-318 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/1354066108089244
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 The Journal of Environment DevelopmentHome page
J. L. Bailey
Norway, the United States, and Commercial Whaling: Political Culture and Social Movement Framing
The Journal of Environment Development, March 1, 2009; 18(1): 79 - 102.
[Abstract] [PDF]